Resources and Inspiration
Research References Table
All of Terrain Viewer's research references as sortable, filterable tables by section, by field, year, whether a study opens in the app, has a free copy or an elevation change, and whether it cites RVT or the Copernicus DEM
The same references as Research References, as tables, one per section. Each table has its filter bar, and the filters apply to all of them: set one on any table and the others follow. Click a column to sort; By group orders by group again, and a group row folds. Has filters cycle through any, yes and no, and so do the small filters in the column headers: a year range, links present or absent, citations of RVT, GLO-30 or neither. Search, sort, filters and columns are kept in the address bar, so a filtered view can be shared as a link, and Export CSV saves the rows shown. Scroll down and each table's header row stays at the top of the window.
Study links open on Mapterhorn, unless the app has a finer dataset for the place; each says where it lands, with the place in the search box and the minimap open. Historical imagery studies open old against recent imagery, side by side.
Landscape archaeology
Yearsto24 of 24 references in Landscape archaeology
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▿afterbefore | Description | In the app | Change | Free copy | DOI | Cites | ||||
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| 1 | 2008 | Doneus, M., Briese, C., Fera, M., Janner, M. | Archaeological prospection of forested areas using full-waveform airborne laser scanningJournal of Archaeological Science 35 | Shows full-waveform ALS can map an Iron Age hillfort and other earthworks under deciduous forest. | Leithagebirge near Mannersdorf, Lower Austria | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.jas.2007.06.013 | |
| 2 | 2011 | Chase, A. F., Chase, D. Z., Weishampel, J. F., et al. | Airborne LiDAR, archaeology, and the ancient Maya landscape at Caracol, BelizeJournal of Archaeological Science 38 | Landmark lidar survey of the settlement, causeways and terraces of Caracol under rainforest canopy. | Caracol, Cayo District, Belize | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.018 | |
| 3 | 2012 | Chase, A. F., Chase, D. Z., Fisher, C. T., et al. | Geospatial revolution and remote sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican archaeologyProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | Uses new lidar data from Caracol (Belize) and Angamuco (Mexico) to show how lidar maps whole ancient cities hidden under forest canopy. | Caracol, Cayo, Belize | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1073/pnas.1205198109 | |
| 4 | 2013 | Evans, D. H., Fletcher, R. J., Pottier, C., et al. | Uncovering archaeological landscapes at Angkor using lidarProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 | Lidar reveals the forested urban grid and ceremonial centres of medieval Angkor. | Angkor, Siem Reap, Cambodia | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1073/pnas.1306539110 | |
| 5 | 2014 | Johnson, K. M., Ouimet, W. B. | Rediscovering the lost archaeological landscape of southern New England using airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR)Journal of Archaeological Science | Uses airborne lidar to rediscover relict historical land-use features hidden under the forests of southern New England. | Southern New England, USA | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.004 | RVT |
| 6 | 2016 | Evans, D. | Airborne laser scanning as a method for exploring long-term socio-ecological dynamics in CambodiaJournal of Archaeological Science | Reports on airborne laser scanning at Angkor and elsewhere in Cambodia, including the 2015 campaign, which the paper calls the largest ever made for archaeology. | Angkor, Cambodia | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.jas.2016.05.009 | |
| 7 | 2018 | Canuto, M. A., Estrada-Belli, F., Garrison, T. G., et al. | Ancient lowland Maya complexity as revealed by airborne laser scanning of northern GuatemalaScience 361 | Over 2,000 km2 of lidar across the Maya lowlands yields population estimates, agricultural works and defensive features. | Maya Biosphere Reserve, Petén, Guatemala | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1126/science.aau0137 | RVT |
| 8 | 2020 | Inomata, T., Triadan, D., Vázquez López, V. A., et al. | Monumental architecture at Aguada Fénix and the rise of Maya civilizationNature 582 | Lidar reveals Aguada Fénix, the largest and oldest known monumental Maya platform. | Aguada Fénix, Tabasco, Mexico | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1038/s41586-020-2343-4 | |
| 9 | 2021 | Inomata, T., Fernandez-Diaz, J. C., Triadan, D., et al. | Origins and spread of formal ceremonial complexes in the Olmec and Maya regions revealed by airborne lidarNature Human Behaviour 5 | Lidar over about 85,000 km2 of southern Mexico identifies 478 early ceremonial complexes sharing a common layout. | Tabasco and southern Veracruz, Mexico | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1038/s41562-021-01218-1 | |
| 10 | 2022 | Prümers, H., Betancourt, C. J., Iriarte, J., et al. | Lidar reveals pre-Hispanic low-density urbanism in the Bolivian AmazonNature | Lidar reveals two large Casarabe-culture settlements, Cotoca (147 ha) and Landívar (315 ha), with platforms, ramparts, causeways and canals in a four-tier settlement system. | Casarabe culture sites, Llanos de Mojos, Beni, Bolivia | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1038/s41586-022-04780-4 | RVT |
| 11 | 2006 | Menze, B. H., Ur, J. A., Sherratt, A. G. | Detection of Ancient Settlement Mounds: Archaeological Survey Based on the SRTM Terrain ModelPhotogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 72(3) | Uses the SRTM terrain model to detect and map tells (settlement mounds) across the Near East. | — | — | — | — | 10.14358/PERS.72.3.321 | |
| 12 | 2008 | Kooistra, M. J., Maas, G. J. | The widespread occurrence of Celtic field systems in the central part of the NetherlandsJournal of Archaeological Science | AHN laser altimetry detected about 1,200 ha of Iron Age Celtic field systems, about 1,050 ha of them new, and suggests about 4,500 ha originally. | Central Netherlands just north of the Rhine | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.jas.2008.03.007 | |
| 13 | 2012 | Menze, B. H., Ur, J. A. | Mapping patterns of long-term settlement in Northern Mesopotamia at a large scaleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(14) | Maps about 14,000 settlement sites, tells included, over 23,000 km2 and uses DEM-derived mound volume as a proxy for how long a site was occupied. | Upper Khabur basin, northeastern Syria | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1073/pnas.1115472109 | |
| 14 | 2013 | Casana, J. | Radial route systems and agro-pastoral strategies in the Fertile Crescent: New discoveries from western Syria and southwestern IranJournal of Anthropological Archaeology | Reports newly found radial route systems (hollow ways) around sites in western Syria and southwestern Iran and discusses the agro-pastoral strategies they suggest. | — | — | — | — | 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.12.004 | |
| 15 | 2019 | Verschoof-van der Vaart, W. B., Lambers, K. | Learning to Look at LiDAR: The Use of R-CNN in the Automated Detection of Archaeological Objects in LiDAR Data from the NetherlandsJournal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 2(1) | Deep-learning detection of barrows and Celtic fields in Dutch lidar, in an area with over 1,000 recorded barrows. | Veluwe, Gelderland, Netherlands | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.5334/jcaa.32 | |
| 16 | 2019 | Trier, Ø. D., Cowley, D. C., Waldeland, A. U. | Using deep neural networks on airborne laser scanning data: Results from a case study of semi-automatic mapping of archaeological topography on Arran, ScotlandArchaeological Prospection 26(2), 165-175 (online 2018) | Tests whether a deep-learning detector developed in Norway transfers to Arran for roundhouses, shieling huts and clearance cairns; results range from usable to chaotic depending on the monument class. | Isle of Arran, Scotland | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1002/arp.1731 | RVT |
| 17 | 2020 | Orengo, H. A., Conesa, F. C., Garcia-Molsosa, A., et al. | Automated detection of archaeological mounds using machine-learning classification of multisensor and multitemporal satellite dataProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(31) | Machine-learning classification of satellite imagery maps Indus-period mounded settlements in Cholistan, a non-DEM counterpart to relief-based mound detection. | Cholistan Desert, Punjab, Pakistan | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1073/pnas.2005583117 | |
| 18 | 2016 | Magnini, L., Bettineschi, C., De Guio, A. | Object-based Shell Craters Classification from LiDAR-derived Sky-view FactorArchaeological Prospection | Counts the remaining First World War shell craters on an Alpine plateau by object-based classification of a lidar sky-view factor image. | Vezzena/Luserna/Lavarone plateau, Trento, Italy | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1002/arp.1565 | RVT |
| 19 | 2018 | Gheyle, W., Stichelbaut, B., Saey, T., et al. | Scratching the surface of war. Airborne laser scans of the Great War conflict landscape in Flanders (Belgium)Applied Geography | The Flanders lidar DTM reveals previously unknown Great War remains (trenches, dugouts, shelled ground) in the former front zone, using sky-view factor and relief-model visualizations. | Former Ypres front zone, West Flanders, Belgium | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.11.011 | RVT |
| 20 | 2019 | de Matos-Machado, R., Toumazet, J.-P., Bergès, J.-C., et al. | War landform mapping and classification on the Verdun battlefield (France) using airborne LiDAR and multivariate analysisEarth Surface Processes and Landforms | Self-organising maps and clustering of lidar morphometry map more than a million First World War landforms (shell craters, shelters, gun positions) in eight shape classes; 93% of shell craters were correctly classified. | Verdun battlefield, Meuse, France | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1002/esp.4586 | RVT |
| 21 | 2014 | Kincey, M., Batty, L., Chapman, H., et al. | Assessing the changing condition of industrial archaeological remains on Alston Moor, UK, using multisensor remote sensingJournal of Archaeological Science | Lidar mapping plus Landsat change detection showed old lead-mining sites on Alston Moor are eroding, mostly by gullying, which moves heavily contaminated sediment into the wider catchment. | Alston Moor lead-mining landscape, North Pennines | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.008 | |
| 22 | 2019 | Raab, A., Bonhage, A., Schneider, A., et al. | Spatial distribution of relict charcoal hearths in the former royal forest district Tauer (SE Brandenburg, Germany)Quaternary International | About 6,000 relict charcoal hearths were digitised from shaded-relief maps over 109 km2 of former royal forest that fuelled the Peitz ironworks (16th-19th century). | Tauer forest district near Peitz, Spree-Neisse, Brandenburg, Germany | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.07.022 | |
| 23 | 2020 | Fernández-Lozano, J., Carrasco, R.M., Pedraza, J., et al. | The anthropic landscape imprint around one of the largest Roman hydraulic gold mines in Europe: Sierra del Teleno (NW Spain)Geomorphology | Roman hydraulic gold mining left river captures, widened drainages and reworked fans, moraines and rock ridges; the paper gives geomorphic criteria for telling these man-made landforms from natural ones. | Sierra del Teleno Roman gold mines, León, Spain | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107094 | RVT |
| 24 | 2021 | Suh, J. W., Anderson, E., Ouimet, W., et al. | Mapping Relict Charcoal Hearths in New England Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and LiDAR DataRemote Sensing | A U-Net fed with slope, hillshade and VAT rasters detects relict charcoal hearths, with F1 up to 95.5% in small test regions and 86% over a 493 km2 town. | New England, USA | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs13224630 | RVT |
Earth surface processes
Yearsto38 of 38 references in Earth surface processes
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▿afterbefore | Description | In the app | Change | Free copy | DOI | Cites | ||||
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| 1 | 2003 | Haugerud, R. A., Harding, D. J., Johnson, S. Y., et al. | High-Resolution Lidar Topography of the Puget Lowland, Washington - A Bonanza for Earth ScienceGSA Today | Leaf-off lidar of the forested Puget Lowland revealed previously unknown postglacial fault scarps, deep-seated landslides, uplifted beaches and glacial landforms. | Puget Lowland, Washington, USA | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1130/1052-5173(2003)13<0004:hltotp>2.0.co;2 | |
| 2 | 2015 | Chen, R.-F., Lin, C.-W., Chen, Y.-H., et al. | Detecting and Characterizing Active Thrust Fault and Deep-Seated Landslides in Dense Forest Areas of Southern Taiwan Using Airborne LiDAR DEMRemote Sensing | Uses grayscale slope, openness with tinted slope and a red relief image map from 1 m lidar to confirm the Meilongshan Fault as an east-dipping thrust and to map a deep-seated landslide under dense forest. | Meilongshan Fault near Xinfa, Laolung River, Liugui District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs71115443 | |
| 3 | 2017 | Clark, K. J., Nissen, E. K., Howarth, J. D., et al. | Highly variable coastal deformation in the 2016 MW7.8 Kaikōura earthquake reflects rupture complexity along a transpressional plate boundaryEarth and Planetary Science Letters | Differences lidar from before and after the earthquake along about 110 km of coast and finds vertical displacements from -2.5 to +6.5 m, which require a revised multi-fault slip model. | Kaikōura coast and Kaikōura Peninsula, New Zealand | Open ↗ | Change ↗ | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.06.048 | |
| 4 | 2018 | Scott, C. P., Arrowsmith, J. R., Nissen, E., et al. | The M7 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake: 3-D Deformation Along the Fault and Within the Damage Zone Constrained From Differential Lidar TopographyJournal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth | 3-D differencing of lidar from before and after the earthquake shows that only about 36% of horizontal and 62% of vertical deformation happened on the main fault trace; the rest was spread through the damage zone. | Futagawa-Hinagu Fault Zone at Mashiki, Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1029/2018jb015581 | |
| 5 | 2018 | Bennett, S.E.K., DuRoss, C.B., Gold, R.D., et al. | Paleoseismic Results from the Alpine Site, Wasatch Fault Zone: Timing and Displacement Data for Six Holocene Earthquakes at the Salt Lake City–Provo Segment BoundaryBulletin of the Seismological Society of America | Lidar neotectonic mapping and a trench across an 8 m scarp near Alpine recorded six Holocene earthquakes with about 1.1 m of slip each, which suggests ruptures that crossed the segment boundary. | Alpine paleoseismic site, Wasatch fault zone, Utah | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1785/0120160358 | |
| 6 | 2023 | Carena, S., Friedrich, A.M., Verdecchia, A., et al. | Identification of Source Faults of Large Earthquakes in the Turkey-Syria Border Region Between 1000 CE and the Present, and Their Relevance for the 2023 Mw 7.8 Pazarcık EarthquakeTectonics | Combining historical seismology, palaeoseismology and fault mapping on GLO-30 assigned source faults to fourteen M≥7 earthquakes since 1000 CE; the 2023 Pazarcık rupture could have been foreseen in location and timing but not in magnitude. | East Anatolian Fault near Pazarcık, Türkiye | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1029/2023tc007890 | GLO-30 |
| 7 | 2024 | Mere, A.M., Barth, N.C., Schwartz, J.J., et al. | Slip History, Tectonic Evolution, and Fault Zone Structure Along the Southern Alpine Fault, New ZealandGeochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems | Lidar-based mapping and zircon dating of offset basement rocks give ~70-90 km of right-lateral slip on the active strand of the southern Alpine Fault, which the authors take to be Plio-Quaternary. | Southern Alpine Fault between Lake McKerrow and the Kaipo River, Fiordland | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1029/2024gc011839 | RVT |
| 8 | 2020 | Aufaristama, M., Höskuldsson, Á., Ulfarsson, M. O., et al. | Lava Flow Roughness on the 2014-2015 Lava Flow-Field at Holuhraun, Iceland, Derived from Airborne LiDAR and PhotogrammetryGeosciences | Uses the Topographic Position Index and the Hurst exponent to characterise the roughness of spiny lava, a lava pond, blocky surfaces and an inflated channel. | Holuhraun lava field, Iceland | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/geosciences10040125 | |
| 9 | 2021 | Dietterich, H. R., Diefenbach, A. K., Soule, S. A., et al. | Lava effusion rate evolution and erupted volume during the 2018 Kīlauea lower East Rift Zone eruptionBulletin of Volcanology | Repeat topography during the eruption gives 0.9-1.4 km3 of lava (dense-rock equivalent), 0.4 km3 of it on land, with effusion rates rising to 200 m3/s or more by mid-June. | Kīlauea lower East Rift Zone, Hawaii | Open ↗ | Change ↗ | Free ↗ | 10.1007/s00445-021-01443-6 | |
| 10 | 2022 | Pedersen, G. B. M., Belart, J. M. C., Óskarsson, B. V., et al. | Volume, Effusion Rate, and Lava Transport During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall Eruption: Results From Near Real-Time Photogrammetric MonitoringGeophysical Research Letters | Near-real-time DEM differencing over the six-month eruption gives a 4.8 km2 lava field with a bulk volume of 150 +/- 3 million m3 and a mean thickness over 30 m. | Fagradalsfjall, Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland | Open ↗ | Change ↗ | — | 10.1029/2021gl097125 | |
| 11 | 2012 | Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Kerle, N., Poesen, J., et al. | Object-oriented identification of forested landslides with derivatives of single pulse LiDAR dataGeomorphology | Object-oriented classification of lidar slope, roughness and curvature recovered about 70% of an expert inventory of old deep-seated landslides under forest in the Flemish Ardennes. | Flemish Ardennes, Belgium | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.05.024 | RVT |
| 12 | 2015 | Iverson, R.M., George, D.L., Allstadt, K., et al. | Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disasterEarth and Planetary Science Letters | The ~8 million m³ Oso landslide started on a 180 m riverside bluff and crossed the whole ~1 km floodplain; the authors argue that liquefaction of saturated sediment at its base made it far more mobile than earlier slides at the site. | SR530 / Oso landslide, Stillaguamish valley, Washington | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020 | |
| 13 | 2019 | Verbovšek, T., Popit, T., Kokalj, Ž. | VAT Method for Visualization of Mass Movement Features: An Alternative to Hillshaded DEMRemote Sensing | On five Vipava valley mass movements, the VAT blend (hillshade, slope, positive openness, sky-view factor) showed scarps, cracks and lobes more clearly than a hillshade alone and stays comparable between flat and steep terrain. | Slano blato landslide, Vipava valley, Slovenia | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs11242946 | RVT |
| 14 | 2019 | Bunn, M.D., Leshchinsky, B.A., Olsen, M.J., et al. | A Simplified, Object-Based Framework for Efficient Landslide Inventorying Using LIDAR Digital Elevation Model DerivativesRemote Sensing | SICCM, a semi-automatic scarp-and-contour method, turned lidar DEMs into landslide inventories that matched DOGAMI's expert maps reasonably well across three geologically different areas of western Oregon. | Dixie Mountain quadrangle, Oregon | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs11030303 | |
| 15 | 2021 | Shugar, D. H., Jacquemart, M., Shean, D., et al. | A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian HimalayaScience | Traces the February 2021 disaster to a rock and glacier-ice collapse from Ronti Peak that turned into a highly mobile debris flow and struck hydropower plants downstream. | Ronti Peak north face and Ronti Gad, Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India | Open ↗ | Change ↗ | Free ↗ | 10.1126/science.abh4455 | |
| 16 | 2023 | Dotta, G., Fornaciai, A., Bertolini, G., et al. | Geomorphology of the upper sector of the Roncovetro active landslide (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy)Journal of Maps | A 1:1500 geomorphological map of an active landslide from 2014 lidar; differencing with a 1973 DEM shows about 6.2 × 10⁵ m³ of material left its upper sector in ~40 years. | Roncovetro landslide, Enza valley, Emilia-Romagna | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1080/17445647.2023.2277898 | RVT |
| 17 | 2015 | Yu, P., Eyles, N., Sookhan, S. | Automated drumlin shape and volume estimation using high resolution LiDAR imagery (Curvature Based Relief Separation): A test from the Wadena Drumlin Field, MinnesotaGeomorphology | Separates drumlins from the regional surface with a curvature-based method on lidar and estimates the shape and volume of each drumlin automatically. | Wadena Drumlin Field, Minnesota, USA | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.020 | |
| 18 | 2018 | Haritashya, U.K., Kargel, J.S., Shugar, D.H., et al. | Evolution and Controls of Large Glacial Lakes in the Nepal HimalayaRemote Sensing | Imja and Lower Barun lakes are much deeper than earlier measurements showed and still growing; differencing DEMs of their ice-cored moraine dams measured how fast the dams are lowering, which matters for outburst-flood hazard. | Imja Tsho, Khumbu, Nepal | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.3390/rs10050798 | RVT |
| 19 | 2020 | Middleton, M., Heikkonen, J., Nevalainen, P., et al. | Machine learning-based mapping of micro-topographic earthquake-induced paleo-Pulju moraines and liquefaction spreads from a digital elevation model acquired through laser scanningGeomorphology | Principal-curvature features from a 2 m lidar DEM, fed to a neural network, recognised earthquake-induced Pulju moraines and liquefaction spreads with 94% accuracy, which supports mapping them nationwide. | Pulju moraine type area, Kittilä, Finnish Lapland | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107099 | RVT |
| 20 | 2022 | Mannerfelt, E. S., Dehecq, A., Hugonnet, R., et al. | Halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931 observed from terrestrial image photogrammetryThe Cryosphere | Builds DEMs from about 21,700 archived terrestrial photographs (median date 1931) and differences them with modern DEMs, finding that Swiss glacier volume halved between 1931 and 2016. | Swiss Alps | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022 | |
| 21 | 2023 | Delaney, C.A., Adamson, K., Linch, L.D., et al. | Reconstructing terrestrial ice sheet retreat dynamics from hummocky topography using multiscale evidence: An example from central IrelandQuaternary Science Reviews | Much of the hummocky topography in the Brosna basin is fragmented mega-scale glacial lineations overlain by small moraine ridges, recording fast ice flow followed by retreat of the Irish Ice Sheet. | Brosna basin between the Moate and Horseleap eskers, central Ireland | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108041 | RVT |
| 22 | 2025 | Hofmann, F.M., Preusser, F. | Revisiting ice-marginal positions north-east of Feldberg, southern Black Forest, south-west GermanyE&G Quaternary Science Journal | Re-mapping from high-resolution elevation data and fieldwork largely confirmed the known ice-marginal positions NE of Feldberg, rejected a few, and added many previously undescribed moraines as targets for dating. | Ice-marginal landforms NE of Feldberg, Black Forest | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.5194/egqsj-74-1-2025 | RVT |
| 23 | 2017 | Singh, A., Thomsen, K.J., Sinha, R., et al. | Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlementsNature Communications | The Ghaggar-Hakra palaeochannel is a former course of the Sutlej that was abandoned shortly after ~8 ka, so Indus cities grew along an abandoned valley rather than beside a living Himalayan river. | Ghaggar-Hakra palaeochannel at Kalibangan, Rajasthan | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9 | |
| 24 | 2018 | Strick, R.J.P., Ashworth, P.J., Awcock, G., et al. | Morphology and spacing of river meander scrollsGeomorphology | Ten large Mississippi point bars in lidar show a hierarchy of scrolls, depositional packages and point-bar complexes; scrolls repeat every ~167 m, and across 19 rivers scroll spacing is about half the channel width. | Lower Mississippi meander belt, Vicksburg to Baton Rouge | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.03.005 | |
| 25 | 2020 | Vayssière, A., Castanet, C., Gautier, E., et al. | Readjustments of a sinuous river during the last 6000 years in northwestern Europe (Cher River, France): from an active meandering river to a stable river course under human forcingGeomorphology | Lidar DEM analysis plus geophysics and coring dated thirteen Holocene palaeomeanders, showing the Cher went from an actively meandering river to a stable course under human forcing. | Cher palaeomeanders at Bigny, France | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107395 | |
| 26 | 2021 | Schwendel, A.C., Cooper, A.H. | Meander chute cutoff at an alluvial river facilitated by gypsum sinkholesGeomorphology | Gypsum collapse sinkholes on the floodplain guided a 2019 chute cutoff at Ripon Loop; openness and red-relief views of the lidar DTM showed the enclosed hollows best. | Ripon Loop, River Ure, North Yorkshire | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107944 | |
| 27 | 2025 | Schmidt, J., Lindemann, S., Geißler, F., et al. | Spatiotemporal dynamics of river channel patterns during the last 400 years south of Leipzig, GermanyE&G Quaternary Science Journal | Oxbows, ridge-and-swale point bars, crevasse splays and levees in a 1 m lidar DTM record a once meandering and anabranching floodplain that was turned into stable mill races and engineered channels over 400 years. | Elster-Pleisse floodplain, south Leipzig | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.5194/egqsj-74-355-2025 | RVT |
| 28 | 2014 | Zhu, J., Taylor, T. P., Currens, J. C., et al. | Improved Karst Sinkhole Mapping in Kentucky Using Lidar Techniques: A Pilot Study in Floyds Fork WatershedJournal of Cave and Karst Studies | Extracting closed depressions from a lidar DEM found 1,683 probable sinkholes where 383 had been mapped; field checks confirmed 106 of 121. | Floyds Fork watershed, Jefferson County, Kentucky, USA | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.4311/2013es0135 | |
| 29 | 2024 | Stefanovski, S., Kokalj, Ž., Stepišnik, U. | Sky-view factor enhanced doline delineation: A comparative methodological review based on case studies in SloveniaGeomorphology | Delineates dolines by combining hydrological tools with the sky-view factor on a 1 m DEM and compares the result with depression filling (fit for identification only) and U-Net segmentation. | Slovenian karst | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109389 | RVT |
| 30 | 2015 | Jones, B. M., Grosse, G., Arp, C. D., et al. | Recent Arctic tundra fire initiates widespread thermokarst developmentScientific Reports | Differencing lidar DTMs from two and seven years after the 2007 fire detects thaw subsidence across 34% of the burned tundra, compared with less than 1% in similar unburned terrain. | Anaktuvuk River tundra fire scar, North Slope, Alaska | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1038/srep15865 | |
| 31 | 2020 | Laporte-Fauret, Q., Castelle, B., Marieu, V., et al. | Coastal Dune Morphology Evolution Combining Lidar and UAV Surveys, Truc Vert beach 2011-2019Journal of Coastal Research (Special Issue 95) | Combines historical aerial photographs, airborne lidar and UAV surveys to track how the coastal dune at Truc Vert changed between 2011 and 2019. | Le Truc Vert, Lège-Cap-Ferret, Gironde, France | Open ↗ | Change ↗ | — | 10.2112/si95-032.1 | |
| 32 | 2023 | Łopuch, M., Zieliński, P., Jary, Z. | Morphometry of the cold-climate Bory Stobrawskie Dune Field (SW Poland): Evidence for multi-phase Lateglacial aeolian activity within the European Sand BeltOpen Geosciences | Lidar morphometry of a fixed cold-climate dune field in the European Sand Belt shows lengthwise zoning of dune types and several phases of Lateglacial wind activity, with streams limiting how far the dunes spread. | Bory Stobrawskie dune field, Opole Plain, Poland | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1515/geo-2022-0518 | RVT |
| 33 | 2015 | Zlinszky, A., Deák, B., Kania, A., et al. | Mapping Natura 2000 Habitat Conservation Status in a Pannonic Salt Steppe with Airborne Laser ScanningRemote Sensing | Lidar-derived microrelief, vegetation height and wetness let the authors compute Natura 2000 conservation status for 24 km² of Pannonic salt steppe at 0.5 m resolution, replacing much of the fieldwork. | Ágota-puszta, Hortobágy National Park, Hungary | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs70302991 | |
| 34 | 2016 | Fink, C. M., Drohan, P. J. | High Resolution Hydric Soil Mapping using LiDAR Digital Terrain ModelingSoil Science Society of America Journal | A logistic regression on 1 m lidar slope and 5 m lidar depressions predicts hydric soils better than the 10 m USGS DEM. | Pennsylvania, northern Appalachians, USA | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.2136/sssaj2015.07.0270 | |
| 35 | 2019 | Moeslund, J.E., Zlinszky, A., Ejrnæs, R., et al. | Light detection and ranging explains diversity of plants, fungi, lichens, and bryophytes across multiple habitats and large geographic extentEcological Applications | Lidar measures of terrain and vegetation structure explained much of the species richness of plants, fungi, lichens and bryophytes at 130 sites across Denmark, from open grassland to forest. | Denmark, 130 biodiversity sites | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1002/eap.1907 | |
| 36 | 2021 | Swift, T.P., Kennedy, L.M. | Beaver-Driven Peatland Ecotone Dynamics: Impoundment Detection Using Lidar and Geomorphon AnalysisLand | Geomorphons on a 1 m lidar DTM picked out active beaver ponds as noiseless flat patches just upstream of each dam, and three decades of imagery showed beaver activity cycling between active and fallow in this rare Appalachian peatland. | Cranberry Glades, Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/land10121333 | |
| 37 | 2024 | Khan, S., Bartley, R., Kinsey-Henderson, A., et al. | Assessing gully erosion and rehabilitation using multi temporal LiDAR DEMs: Case study from the Great Barrier Reef catchments, AustraliaInternational Soil and Water Conservation Research | Repeat 0.5 m lidar at three gullies gives untreated erosion rates of 14-53 t/ha/yr and shows that rehabilitation raises the share of fine sediment kept in the gully to about 60%. | Bowen-Bogie catchment, Burdekin Basin, Queensland, Australia | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.iswcr.2023.06.005 | |
| 38 | 2024 | Čonč, Š., Oliveira, T., Belotti, E., et al. | Revealing functional responses in habitat selection of rocky features and rugged terrain by Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) using LiDAR dataLandscape Ecology | A new lidar method found over a million rocky outcrops; GPS-collared lynx in Slovenia and the Bohemian Forest chose rugged, rocky terrain for day resting, and selected it more strongly where it was scarcer. | Bohemian Forest Ecosystem | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1007/s10980-024-01923-y | RVT |
Historical imagery
Yearsto21 of 21 references in Historical imagery
Has
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▿afterbefore | Description | In the app | Change | Free copy | DOI | Cites | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2010 | Contreras, D. A., Brodie, N. | The Utility of Publicly-Available Satellite Imagery for Investigating Looting of Archaeological Sites in JordanJournal of Field Archaeology | It showed that free Google Earth imagery is good enough to identify, count and monitor looting pits at Jordanian sites such as the Early Bronze Age cemeteries of the Dead Sea Plain. | Bab edh-Dhra cemetery, Dead Sea Plain, Jordan | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1179/009346910x12707320296838 | |
| 2 | 2014 | Lasaponara, R., Leucci, G., Masini, N., Persico, R. | Investigating archaeological looting using satellite images and GEORADAR: the experience in Lambayeque in North PeruJournal of Archaeological Science | Multitemporal GeoEye and Google Earth images, processed with autocorrelation statistics and classification, mapped the looting pits at Ventarron, checked on the ground with georadar. | Ventarron, Lambayeque, Peru | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.032 | |
| 3 | 2016 | Parcak, S., Gathings, D., Childs, C., et al. | Satellite evidence of archaeological site looting in Egypt: 2002-2013Antiquity | Across about 1100 Egyptian sitescapes, looting rose sharply from 2009 and again after the 2011 Arab Spring, with Lisht alone showing 873 new pits. | Lisht, Egypt | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.15184/aqy.2016.1 | |
| 4 | 2016 | UNITAR-UNOSAT, UNESCO | Satellite-Based Damage Assessment of Cultural Heritage Sites: 2015 Summary Report of Iraq, Nepal, Syria & YemenUNITAR-UNOSAT report (June 2016) | Satellite images before and after August-October 2015 show ISIL/Daesh demolishing the Temple of Bel and other Palmyra monuments, alongside damage at Nimrud, Hatra and sites in Yemen and Nepal. | Temple of Bel, Palmyra, Syria | Open ↗ | — | — | — | |
| 5 | 2017 | Casana, J., Laugier, E. J. | Satellite imagery-based monitoring of archaeological site damage in the Syrian civil warPLOS ONE | Evaluating nearly 5000 sites in Syria, northern Iraq and southern Turkey, it logged the timing, severity and location of war-time looting and damage, with sites such as Dura-Europos and Mari riddled with new pits. | Dura-Europos, Syria | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1371/journal.pone.0188589 | |
| 6 | 2018 | Hammer, E., Seifried, R., Franklin, K., Lauricella, A. | Remote assessments of the archaeological heritage situation in AfghanistanJournal of Cultural Heritage | Over 1000 Afghan sites showed that much systematic looting predates the Taliban-era conflicts and that agriculture, urban growth and mining are now the greater threats. | — | — | — | — | 10.1016/j.culher.2017.12.008 | |
| 7 | 2019 | Tapete, D., Cigna, F. | Detection of Archaeological Looting from Space: Methods, Achievements and ChallengesRemote Sensing | A review of 47 looting studies finds very high-resolution optical imagery dominates, SAR is emerging, and spectral indices remain little tested. | — | — | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs11202389 | |
| 8 | 2020 | Rayne, L., Gatto, M., Abdulaati, L., et al. | Detecting Change at Archaeological Sites in North Africa Using Open-Source Satellite ImageryRemote Sensing | Sentinel-2 change detection in Egypt and Libya picked up construction, farming and dumping at sites with 85-91% accuracy, showing farm and urban growth as the main threat. | Aswan and Kom Ombo area, Egypt | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs12223694 | |
| 9 | 2021 | Karaucak, M., Steiniger, D., Boroffka, N. | A remote sensing-based survey of archaeological/heritage sites near Kandahar, Afghanistan through publicly available satellite imageryPLOS ONE | Free satellite imagery around Kandahar yielded a new inventory of settlement mounds, fortresses, religious monuments and traditional water systems in an area closed to fieldwork. | Kandahar region, Afghanistan | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1371/journal.pone.0259228 | |
| 10 | 2023 | Payntar, N. D. | A Multi-Temporal Analysis of Archaeological Site Destruction using Landsat Satellite Data and Machine Learning, Moche Valley, PeruJournal on Computing and Cultural Heritage | Of more than 400 sites recorded in the 1970s in the lower Moche Valley, less than a quarter survived the urban and agricultural growth mapped from Landsat between 1985 and 2020. | Lower Moche Valley around Chan Chan, Peru | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1145/3586079 | |
| 11 | 2023 | Westley, K., Nikolaus, J., Emrage, A., et al. | The impact of coastal erosion on the archaeology of the Cyrenaican coast of Eastern LibyaPLOS ONE | Shoreline change from Landsat and VHR imagery shows erosion is speeding up at the harbour sites of Apollonia, Ptolemais and Tocra, likely worsened by sand mining and urbanisation. | Apollonia, Libya | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1371/journal.pone.0283703 | |
| 12 | 2023 | Huang, Q., Jin, G., Xiong, X., et al. | Monitoring Urban Change in Conflict from the Perspective of Optical and SAR Satellites: The Case of Mariupol, a City in the Conflict between RUS and UKRRemote Sensing | Burned areas peaked around 22 March 2022, concentrated near Azovstal, and about 79% of Mariupol's buildings were severely damaged or destroyed. | Mariupol and the Azovstal works, Ukraine | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs15123096 | |
| 13 | 2010 | Myers, A. | Camp Delta, Google Earth and the ethics of remote sensing in archaeologyWorld Archaeology | A virtual survey of the Camp Delta prison camp is used to discuss the method and ethics of remote archaeological survey with Google Earth. | Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1080/00438243.2010.498640 | |
| 14 | 2011 | Kennedy, D., Bishop, M. C. | Google earth and the archaeology of Saudi Arabia. A case study from the Jeddah areaJournal of Archaeological Science | One Google Earth window east of Jeddah revealed 1977 stone structures (cairns, pendants, rings, wheels), showing how rich and unexplored the Arabian landscape is. | High-resolution window east of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.003 | |
| 15 | 2013 | Kempe, S., Al-Malabeh, A. | Desert kites in Jordan and Saudi Arabia: Structure, statistics and function, a Google Earth studyQuaternary International | Google Earth mapping counted at least 550 kites in Jordan and 252 in Saudi Arabia, separating chained star-shaped kites in the north from individual barbed kites in Harrat Khaybar. | Harrat Khaybar, Saudi Arabia | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.02.013 | |
| 16 | 2017 | Hammer, E., Lauricella, A. | Historical Imagery of Desert Kites in Eastern JordanNear Eastern Archaeology | Mapping kites on 1958-1960 U2 photographs shows how many have survived fifty years of change and how they relate to each other and to their setting. | Eastern Jordan badia | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.5615/neareastarch.80.2.0074 | |
| 17 | 2018 | Luo, L., Wang, X., Guo, H., et al. | Google Earth as a Powerful Tool for Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Applications: A ReviewRemote Sensing | It reviews a decade of papers showing Google Earth's multi-temporal imagery used to discover, document and monitor archaeological and heritage sites, with case studies in five fields. | — | — | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs10101558 | |
| 18 | 2003 | Ur, J. | CORONA Satellite Photography and Ancient Road Networks: A Northern Mesopotamian Case StudyAntiquity | CORONA photos of north-eastern Syria reveal radiating 'hollow ways', the Early Bronze Age routes linking towns to their fields and pastures. | Upper Khabur, north-eastern Syria | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1017/S0003598X00061391 | |
| 19 | 2012 | Casana, J., Cothren, J., Kalayci, T. | Swords into Ploughshares: Archaeological Applications of CORONA Satellite Imagery in the Near EastInternet Archaeology | Orthorectified CORONA images across the Near East preserve sites and landscapes since lost to dams, cities and farming, and led to new discoveries (the app has no CORONA, so compare against modern imagery). | Tell Brak, Upper Khabur, Syria | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.11141/ia.32.2 | |
| 20 | 2016 | Agapiou, A. | Remote sensing heritage in a petabyte-scale: satellite data and heritage Earth Engine applicationsInternational Journal of Digital Earth | Multi-temporal Landsat data in Earth Engine helped detect buried Neolithic tells in Thessaly, and night-light time series tracked urban sprawl near World Heritage sites. | Thessaly plain around Larissa, Greece | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1080/17538947.2016.1250829 | |
| 21 | 2017 | Orengo, H., Petrie, C. | Large-Scale, Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing of Palaeo-River Networks: A Case Study from Northwest India and its Implications for the Indus CivilisationRemote Sensing | Seasonal multi-temporal Landsat composites reconstructed more than 8000 km of palaeo-channels in a core area of the Indus Civilisation. | Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve, northwest India | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs9070735 | |
Methods
Yearsto27 of 27 references in Methods
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Columns
▿afterbefore | Description | In the app | Change | Free copy | DOI | Cites | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | ZRC SAZU (EarthObservation) | Relief Visualization Toolbox in Python (RVT_py)Software, GitHub | Open-source reference implementation of the RVT visualizations (hillshade, multidirectional hillshade, SVF, openness, LRM, VAT blends). | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 2 | 1975 | Phong, B. T. | Illumination for computer generated picturesCommunications of the ACM 18(6) | The Phong reflection model (ambient, diffuse and specular terms) behind the app's Phong lighting mode. | — | — | — | — | 10.1145/360825.360839 | |
| 3 | 2002 | Yokoyama, R., Shirasawa, M., Pike, R. J. | Visualizing Topography by Openness: A New Application of Image Processing to Digital Elevation ModelsPhotogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 68(3), 257-265 | Introduces positive and negative topographic openness, an angular measure of how exposed or enclosed each DEM cell is. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 4 | 2008 | Devereux, B. J., Amable, G. S., Crow, P. | Visualisation of LiDAR terrain models for archaeological feature detectionAntiquity 82 | Shows how hillshades lit from different directions can be combined into one image, the idea behind multidirectional hillshading for archaeology. | — | — | — | — | 10.1017/S0003598X00096952 | |
| 5 | 2010 | Hesse, R. | LiDAR-derived Local Relief Models - a new tool for archaeological prospectionArchaeological Prospection 17 | Introduces the local relief model, which removes large-scale landforms so small shallow features can be seen and measured. | — | — | — | — | 10.1002/arp.374 | |
| 6 | 2011 | Zakšek, K., Oštir, K., Kokalj, Ž. | Sky-View Factor as a Relief Visualization TechniqueRemote Sensing 3(2) | Introduces sky-view factor, a diffuse-illumination relief visualization that shows small features without the directional bias of hillshade. | — | — | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs3020398 | RVT |
| 7 | 2011 | Kokalj, Ž., Zakšek, K., Oštir, K. | Application of sky-view factor for the visualisation of historic landscape features in lidar-derived relief modelsAntiquity 85 | Shows on a Slovenian test site that sky-view factor reveals historic landscape features more clearly than single-source hillshade. | — | — | — | — | 10.1017/S0003598X00067594 | |
| 8 | 2012 | Štular, B., Kokalj, Ž., Oštir, K., Nuninger, L. | Visualization of lidar-derived relief models for detection of archaeological featuresJournal of Archaeological Science 39 | Systematically compares relief visualization techniques for detecting archaeological features in lidar DEMs. | — | — | — | Free ↗ | 10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.029 | RVT |
| 9 | 2012 | Bennett, R., Welham, K., Hill, R. A., Ford, A. | A Comparison of Visualization Techniques for Models Created from Airborne Laser Scanned DataArchaeological Prospection 19 | Quantitatively compares five techniques, from shaded relief to local relief and sky-view factor, against aerial-photo mapping of a UK study area. | — | — | — | — | 10.1002/arp.1414 | RVT |
| 10 | 2013 | Doneus, M. | Openness as Visualization Technique for Interpretative Mapping of Airborne Lidar Derived Digital Terrain ModelsRemote Sensing 5(12) | Argues openness is free of directional bias and horizontal displacement, making it well suited to outlining archaeological features. | — | — | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs5126427 | RVT |
| 11 | 2017 | Kokalj, Ž., Hesse, R. | Airborne laser scanning raster data visualization: A guide to good practiceProstor, kraj, čas 14 (ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC) | Open-access practical guide to choosing and parameterising relief visualizations for archaeological interpretation of LiDAR DEMs. | — | — | — | — | 10.3986/9789612549848 | |
| 12 | 2018 | Orengo, H. A., Petrie, C. A. | Multi-scale relief model (MSRM): a new algorithm for the visualization of subtle topographic change of variable size in digital elevation modelsEarth Surface Processes and Landforms 43 | Multi-scale relief model that brings out subtle landforms of any size in global 30 m-class DSMs, used to map palaeochannels on an alluvial plain. | Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve, northwest India | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.1002/esp.4317 | RVT |
| 13 | 2018 | Guyot, A., Hubert-Moy, L., Lorho, T. | Detecting Neolithic Burial Mounds from LiDAR-Derived Elevation Data Using a Multi-Scale Approach and Machine Learning TechniquesRemote Sensing 10(2) | Combines multi-scale topographic position with random forests to map megalithic burial mounds, finding a previously unknown mound at Carnac. | Carnac and Gulf of Morbihan, Brittany, France | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.3390/rs10020225 | RVT |
| 14 | 2018 | Crutchley, S., Crow, P. | Using Airborne Lidar in Archaeological Survey: The Light FantasticHistoric England guidance (HEAG179), Swindon | Historic England's guidance on deciding whether airborne lidar suits an archaeological project and how to process, visualise and interpret the data; it revises the 2010 English Heritage edition. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 15 | 2019 | Kokalj, Ž., Somrak, M. | Why Not a Single Image? Combining Visualizations to Facilitate Fieldwork and On-Screen MappingRemote Sensing 11(7) | Defines the VAT blend (visualization for archaeological topography), which combines several relief visualizations with blend modes into one image. | — | — | — | — | 10.3390/rs11070747 | RVT |
| 16 | 2021 | Guyot, A., Lennon, M., Hubert-Moy, L. | Objective comparison of relief visualization techniques with deep CNN for archaeologyJournal of Archaeological Science: Reports | Benchmarks thirteen relief visualizations with a deep CNN that detects archaeological structures; e2MSTP, which builds on multiscale topographic position, performed best. | — | — | — | — | 10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103027 | RVT |
| 17 | 1981 | Horn, B. K. P. | Hill shading and the reflectance mapProceedings of the IEEE 69(1) | Classic treatment of hill shading, including the 3x3 gradient estimator widely used for slope and aspect. | — | — | — | — | 10.1109/PROC.1981.11918 | |
| 18 | 1987 | Zevenbergen, L. W., Thorne, C. R. | Quantitative analysis of land surface topographyEarth Surface Processes and Landforms 12 | Fits a partial quartic surface to a 3x3 window to derive slope, aspect and profile and plan curvature. | — | — | — | — | 10.1002/esp.3290120107 | |
| 19 | 1998 | Florinsky, I. V. | Accuracy of local topographic variables derived from digital elevation modelsInternational Journal of Geographical Information Science 12 | Analyses the errors of slope, aspect and curvature computed from gridded DEMs. | — | — | — | — | 10.1080/136588198242003 | |
| 20 | 1999 | Guisan, A., Weiss, S. B., Weiss, A. D. | GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distributionPlant Ecology 143 | Early published use of the topographic position index (elevation relative to the neighbourhood mean) as a predictor. | — | — | — | — | 10.1023/A:1009841519580 | |
| 21 | 1999 | Riley, S. J., DeGloria, S. D., Elliot, R. | A Terrain Ruggedness Index That Quantifies Topographic HeterogeneityIntermountain Journal of Sciences 5, 23-27 | Defines the Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI), which measures the elevation difference between a cell and its eight neighbours. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 22 | 2001 | Weiss, A. D. | Topographic Position and Landforms AnalysisPoster, ESRI User Conference, San Diego (The Nature Conservancy, Northwest Division) | Introduces landform classification from the Topographic Position Index (TPI) at two neighbourhood scales, giving ten classes from canyons to mountain tops. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 23 | 2007 | Sappington, J. M., Longshore, K. M., Thompson, D. B. | Quantifying Landscape Ruggedness for Animal Habitat Analysis: A Case Study Using Bighorn Sheep in the Mojave DesertThe Journal of Wildlife Management | Defines the Vector Ruggedness Measure (VRM), which correlates less with slope than earlier indices, and shows that ruggedness and slope are separate parts of desert bighorn sheep habitat in three Mojave ranges. | Mojave Desert, southwestern USA | Open ↗ | — | — | 10.2193/2005-723 | |
| 24 | 2009 | Hengl, T., Reuter, H. I. (eds.) | Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, ApplicationsDevelopments in Soil Science 33, Elsevier | Standard reference book on land-surface parameters and objects extracted from DEMs. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 25 | 2012 | Wilson, J. P. | Digital terrain modelingGeomorphology 137 | Review of digital terrain modelling and the land-surface parameters derived from DEMs. | — | — | — | — | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.03.012 | |
| 26 | 2013 | De Reu, J., Bourgeois, J., Bats, M., et al. | Application of the topographic position index to heterogeneous landscapesGeomorphology 186 | Adapts TPI-based landform classification to landscapes of mixed relief. | — | — | — | — | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.12.015 | |
| 27 | 2020 | Minár, J., Evans, I. S., Jenčo, M. | A comprehensive system of definitions of land surface (topographic) curvatures, with implications for their application in geoscience modelling and predictionEarth-Science Reviews 211 | A systematic set of definitions for the many land-surface curvatures, with guidance on which to use. | — | — | — | — | 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103414 | |
Elevation data
Yearsto10 of 10 references in Elevation data
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▿afterbefore | Description | In the app | Change | Free copy | DOI | Cites | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | — | Registry of Open Data on AWS | Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM)AWS Open Data registry | Public cloud-optimised copy of the Copernicus DEM on AWS. | — | — | — | — | 10.60489/RODA.MXYOG0 | |
| 2 | — | Registry of Open Data on AWS | Terrain TilesAWS Open Data registry | The Mapzen/Tilezen global Terrarium and GeoTIFF elevation tiles, one of the app's global sources. | — | — | — | — | 10.60489/RODA.6W7PSW | |
| 3 | — | Mapterhorn | MapterhornProject website | Open global terrain tileset used as the app's default elevation source. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| 4 | 2007 | Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., et al. | The Shuttle Radar Topography MissionReviews of Geophysics 45 | Reference description of SRTM, the first near-global 1 to 3 arc-second DEM. | — | — | — | — | 10.1029/2005RG000183 | |
| 5 | 2021 | Guth, P. L., Geoffroy, T. M. | LiDAR point cloud and ICESat-2 evaluation of 1 second global digital elevation models: Copernicus winsTransactions in GIS 25 | Finds the Copernicus DEM consistently beats the other 1 arc-second global DEMs against LiDAR point clouds. | — | — | — | — | 10.1111/tgis.12825 | |
| 6 | 2021 | Marešová, J., Gdulová, K., Pracná, P., et al. | Applicability of Data Acquisition Characteristics to the Identification of Local Artefacts in Global Digital Elevation Models: Comparison of the Copernicus and TanDEM-X DEMsRemote Sensing 13(19) | Evaluates the Copernicus DEM against the unedited TanDEM-X DEM in the Alps, Carpathians and Pyrenees, and how artefacts can be flagged. | — | — | — | — | 10.3390/rs13193931 | |
| 7 | 2022 | European Space Agency | Copernicus DEM - Global and European Digital Elevation ModelCopernicus Data Space Ecosystem (dataset) | The Copernicus DEM (GLO-30 at 30 m worldwide), the surface model behind much of the app's global terrain. | — | — | — | — | 10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65 | |
| 8 | 2022 | Hawker, L., Uhe, P., Paulo, L., et al. | A 30 m global map of elevation with forests and buildings removedEnvironmental Research Letters | Removes forests and buildings from the Copernicus GLO-30 DEM with machine learning (FABDEM), lowering mean absolute error from 1.61 to 1.12 m in built-up areas and from 5.15 to 2.88 m in forests. | — | — | — | — | 10.1088/1748-9326/ac4d4f | |
| 9 | 2023 | Trevisani, S., Skrypitsyna, T. N., Florinsky, I. V. | Global digital elevation models for terrain morphology analysis in mountain environments: insights on Copernicus GLO-30 and ALOS AW3D30 for a large Alpine areaEnvironmental Earth Sciences | Across 6,210 km2 of Trentino, GLO-30 beats AW3D30 on gentle, unvegetated and urban terrain, AW3D30 does slightly better on rough, steep terrain, and neither captures fine-scale morphology on steep slopes. | Trentino Province, Italian Alps | Open ↗ | — | Free ↗ | 10.1007/s12665-023-10882-7 | |
| 10 | 2024 | Bielski, C., López-Vázquez, C., Grohmann, C. H., et al. | Novel Approach for Ranking DEMs: Copernicus DEM Improves One Arc Second Open Global TopographyIEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 62 | Ranks open global DEMs with a multi-criteria method and confirms the Copernicus DEM as the best 1 arc-second option. | — | — | — | Free ↗ | 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3368015 |
Research References
Studies from earthquake geology, volcanology, glaciology, rivers, ecology, landscape archaeology and heritage monitoring that read the ground from elevation data and historical imagery, each linked to its area in Terrain Viewer, with the methods and datasets behind the app's modes
Compared with Other Tools
Where Terrain Viewer fits next to RVT, QGIS, Google Earth, Cesium, OpenTopography, GeoLibre, forge3d and the rest, and when each is the better choice